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well they say that water always finds

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its level and I'm actually optimistic

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and that I think most people who are

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divided no matter how long the struggle

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is eventually find a way back to unity

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and so today I want to discuss people's

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that remain divided peoples that have

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successfully united and peoples whose

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status is rather ignored and therefore

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in a kind of geopolitical and historical

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purgatory and I think if it's all right

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with you we'll begin with Kashmir which

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is one of the most tragic cases of a

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people divided in the 20th century with

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its roots after the Second World War and

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with its roots because of the Second

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World War

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so Jammu and Kashmir today it used to be

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what was called a princely state as a

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matter of law but a province as a matter

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of fact when the British Raj defeated

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the Sikh Empire in the subcontinent

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there was a treaty signed in 1846 the

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Treaty of Amritsar and this said that

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Jammu and Kashmir whose borders we know

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today both in terms of Azad Kashmir of

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part of Pakistani territory and the

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Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir known

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to many of the world's Muslims as Indian

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Occupied Kashmir the I okay all of this

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area as a whole was given princely

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status which was a kind of any talk

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about a colonial relic it was this kind

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of thing even jars on the ears in here

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really

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